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- │ ┌────┴─╨┐ │ Association of
- │ │ ├──┘ Shareware
- └──┤ O │ Professionals
- ═══════╡ ║ ╞════════════════════════
- └───╨───┘ MEMBER
-
-
- TITLE: The Oakflat Nuclear Power Plant Simulator v3.0sw
-
-
- AUTHOR: D. S. Gamble for GAMTECH/Gamble Technologies
-
-
- COPYRIGHT: (C) Copyright 1987-1992 GAMTECH/Gamble Technologies
- All rights reserved world wide
-
-
- PURPOSE: To safely run a light-water pressure fission reactor and
- generate electricity at a profit. A score based on amount
- of power generated, damage to plant, and financial figures.
-
-
- REQUIREMENTS: An IBM PC/XT/AT or compatible with at least 256kb RAM memory.
- The programs can be installed onto a floppy or hard disk,
- and the disk must NOT be write protected.
-
-
- SHAREWARE: The shareware concept has made it possible for you to obtain
- extremely powerful software at a price you can afford, and it
- gives you the opportunity to try the software before you
- register. The "try before you buy" concept only works when
- software developers release full uncut versions of their
- software and users register the software they use.
-
- Evaluate the program for 30-days and give copies to your friends
- for evaluation. If, after the 30 days, you continue to use the
- program, then register it by sending us the registration form
- included in this help file. Registered Users will receive the
- latest version of the software, free technical support for a
- minimum of 3 months by telephone or BBS E-mail (through
- CompuServe(tm)), and low cost upgrades to future versions of
- the program.
-
- OAKFLAT NUCLEAR POWER PLANT SIMULATOR is produced by a member of
- the Association of Shareware Professionals (ASP). ASP wants to
- make sure that the shareware principle works for you. If you are
- unable to resolve a shareware related problem with an ASP member
- by contacting the member directly, ASP may be able to help. The
- ASP Ombudsman can help you resolve a dispute or problem with an
- ASP member, but does not provide technical support for member's
- products. Please write to the ASP Ombudsman at:
-
- ASP Ombudsman
- 545 Grover Road
- Muskegon MI 49442
-
- or send a Compuserve message via easyplex to ASP Ombudsman
- 70007,3536.
-
-
- WARRANTY: GAMTECH/Gamble Technologies offers no warranties or guaranties
- of the software or the media it is distributed on. GAMTECH
- will not be held responsible for any damages, implied or direct,
- from the use of, or inability to use the software. This
- includes damage to hardware, other software, lost wages or
- income, or any other unforseen expenses. GAMTECH is not
- responsible for any actions or inactions of individuals or
- corporations distributing its software.
-
-
- PROGRAMS: The following files are compressed into the self-extracting
- compressed file NUCLEAR.EXE. All of the files must be located
- in the same disk directory when running OAKFLAT.EXE
-
- OAKFLAT.EXE - Boot Program
-
- OAKFLAT.001 - Main Simulator Module
-
- OAKFLAT.002 - Final Evaluation Module
-
- OAKFLAT.HLP - Command Summary Help File
-
- OAKFLAT.DOC - Instructions/Help File (THIS FILE)
-
- HYPRHELP.EXE - Document and Help file viewer
-
- OAKFLAT.ICO - MS-Windows v3.x Icon File
-
- All the above programs MUST be copied a single sub-directory.
- If you do not receive all of the listed programs please contact
- the distributor you received the software from.
-
- Thes following data files are created by the simulator when it
- is runs. Although these files will not be on your distibution
- diskette they will appear in the directory where OAKFLAT.EXE is
- located.
-
- OAKFLAT.DAT - Stores the Highest Score, Most Power
- Generated, and Highest Profit for all
- other simulations to be compared to.
-
- OAKFLATS.COR - High score data file (created by the
- system when the simulation is complete).
-
-
-
- INSTALLATION: To properly install The Oakflat Nuclear Power Plant Simulator
- simply use DOS to copy all of the above programs to a single
- sub-directory on a hard drive or to an UN-WRITE PROTECTED
- floppy disk with at least 340kb of free disk space.
-
-
- WINDOWS: Although the simulator is a DOS application, it can run in a DOS
- window inside Windows. An icon is included with the program
- (OAKFLAT.ICO) and can be used when installing the simulator in
- Windows.
-
-
- OBJECT: Use the CONTROL RODS, PRIMARY COOLANT PUMP (PCP), and
- SECONDARY COOLANT PUMP (SCP) to maintain an equilibrium
- reaction and generate electricity. For best results keep
- the PERCENT OUTPUT = 100%. Higher outputs will cause plant
- damage while lower settings generate less power and lower
- scores.
-
-
- START UP: To run the program, change to the program sub-directory
- and type "OAKFLAT" at the DOS prompt. To avoid displaying
- the first two title screens, start the program with a
- command string of "/F" for Fast Start. At the DOS prompt
- enter "OAKFLAT /F" for this faster way of booting up the
- program.
-
-
- COMMANDS: <F1> = Help/Command Summary
- <F2> = Enter Control Rod Settings (0 - 100)
- <F3> = Enter Primary Coolant Pump Rate (0 - 100)
- <F4> = Enter Secondary Coolant Pump Rates (0 - 100)
- <F5> = Enter Emergency coolant Pump Rates (0 - 100)
- <F6> = Display Main Control Panel
- <F7> = Enter Simulator Command
- <F8> = Damage Control
- <F9> = Change Display View
- <F10> = Change Help Line
-
- QUICK START: 1. Start Program with "OAKFLAT" at the DOS prompt.
-
- 2. When Main Control Panel for the Simulator is displayed,
- press the <F7> key.
-
- 3. Enter "DEMO" at the command prompt.
-
- The Simulator is now running in DEMO mode and will continue
- to do so until 1000 days have been simulated, the plant is
- destroyed during the simulation, or the user presses <F7> and
- "QUIT" at the command prompt. The displayed VIEW will change
- automatically every 15 seconds in order to see all of the
- different screens. Commands can still be entered at the <F7>
- command prompt while in DEMO mode. Use the DEMO or AUTO modes
- to observe how the plant operates, and how to use the controls.
-
- Practice entering commands by pressing <F7> and entering the
- command at the prompt followed by a carriage return <CR>.
-
-
- GETTING HELP: Press <F1> to view the on line command summary/help file.
- For a more detailed instruction on the simulators operation
- press <F7> and enter DOCS or DOCUMENTATION at the Command
- Prompt. In both cases the file will be displayed with the
- option of moving about the file. Use the cursor keys and the
- <PgUp>, <PgDn>, <Home>, and <End> to view different parts of the
- file. To return to the simulation, press <ESC>.
-
- RADIATION: There are many type of natural elements found on earth that are
- unstable, and break down or decay naturally. The decaying of
- the elements is referred to as 'Radioactive Decay' since
- radiation is released in the process. Elements or compounds
- that decay and release radiation are known to be radioactive.
- As these radioactive elements and compounds decay they produce
- different elements and compounds, many of them unstable and
- radioactive. The type of radiation released and the rate of
- release varies with the element or compound involved. Each
- element has a specific decay formula, and the rate of decay and
- by-products can be calculated. Eventually the radioactive
- element completely decays and contains no more reactive
- materials. In the case of uranium and plutonium, the time
- needed to completely decay can be hundreds of thousands of
- years! Towards the end of the 'life time' of the element,
- the amount of radiation released in the decay becomes very
- small. For this reason scientists use the amount of time it
- takes for half of the element to completely decay and stop
- reacting. This 'Half-Life' value tells us how long the material
- will be decaying and releasing radiation, and thus dangerous
- to living creatures.
-
- There are 3 major types of radioactive decay that we will be
- dealing with: Alpha, Beta, and Gama. Elements can decay
- and release more than one type of radiation, although often
- one type of emission is greater than all others. The real
- danger of radiation is the effect it has on living cells. The
- radiation release is in the form of low energy particles. Some
- of these particles can penetrate living beings and even strike
- and damage living cells within the bones. If the particle
- hits an atom within a DNA molecule, it can alter the genetic
- code of the cell. When the cell divides or reproduces, the
- next generation of cells can be defective or non-functioning.
- Because a fetus inside it's mother is growing very rapidly, it
- is at risk being near any source of radiation. Alpha radiation
- is released from alpha emitters atoms through alpha decay.
- Alpha radiation can be shielded with heavy clothing or a
- structure. Alpha emitters are most dangerous if they are
- inhaled or ingested where they come in contact with living
- cells for extended period of times. So long as the living
- cells do not come in contact directly with alpha emitters they
- generally are not harmed by alpha radiation.
-
- Beta radiation is much more dangerous than alpha and affects
- the body in different ways. Beta particles can penetrate deep
- into the body and strike cells within the bones. Beta
- particles can be stopped using concrete or steel shielding.
- Since beta particles penetrate the body and can strike any cell,
- they effect cells that reproduce quickly, such as bone marrow
- and blood cells.
-
- The most dangerous type of ionizing radiation is gama radiation.
- Gama decay produces shortwave electromagnetic radiation similar
- to x-rays, and capable of penetrating everything but the heaviest
- concrete/steel shielding. The affects of gama radiation can be
- very similar to beta radiation since they act on the body
- through similar means.
-
- As a molecule undergoes radioactive decay it produces
- several major by-products: heat, radiation, and neutrons.
- Neutrons are particles that make up the nucleus of the atom,
- and when released from the atom, travel at very high speeds.
- If a high speed neutron strikes the nucleus of another atom,
- it will split the atom and release heat, radiation, and 2 or
- 3 more neutrons. The splitting of the atom, or its fission,
- is the event that creates nuclear power.
-
-
- FISSION: Nuclear fission, or the splitting of an atom is the bases for
- both the early atomic bombs and atomic power plants. In both
- cases a neutron particle strikes the nucleus of an atom and
- splits the atom into two parts, releasing 2 or 3 more neutrons
- and a relatively large amount of energy (about 200MeV).
- Although this amount of energy is not very significant, it
- represents the byproducts of one such event. Since each
- fission reaction can lead to 2 or 3 more reactions like it,
- a chain reaction can occur if conditions are right. The key
- factor in starting a nuclear reaction is to get enough radio-
- active material concentrated in one place. The amount of the
- radioactive material needed to start a fission reaction is
- known as the 'Critical Mass'. A 'Super Critical Mass' is an
- amount of material in one place that starts an instant fission
- reaction that releases an enormous amount of energy. An
- atomic bomb simply creates a SUPER CRITICAL MASS inside the
- bomb casing, and we all know what that does. A nuclear power
- plant establishes a CRITICAL MASS inside the reactor, careful
- not to let the mass become super critical and melt the core of
- the reactor. This is what is known as a core meltdown or
- 'China Syndrome'. This balancing act is monitored by the
- reactors operators, and requires precise information about
- the reaction and its byproducts to control it safely.
-
-
- CONSTRUCTION: The Reactor Vessel itself is nearly 44 feet tall and 15 feet in
- diameter. The walls are made of high carbon steel and are 12
- inches thick. The 12 foot long fuel rods lie under 10 feet of
- water and are situated on the outer diameter of the Reactor
- Vessel. In the center and in between the fuel rods are the
- control rods enriched with neutron absorbing boron. The
- control rods are attached to electrical motors from above by
- steel cables. There are 12 Primary Coolant Pumps that pump
- coolant from the reactor vessel to the Heat Exchanger (the
- simulator treats the 12 individual pumps as 1). The Heat
- Exchanger uses super heated primary coolant from the reactor
- to heat secondary coolant into steam. The Reactor Vessel,
- Primary Coolant Pump and pipes, and the Heat Exchanger are
- all housed in the Containment Building. This building is made
- of reinforced concrete and high carbon steel and helps contain
- the atomic reaction and its by-products from the environment.
- The 12 Secondary Coolant Pumps (also treated as 1 by the
- simulator) pump coolant into the Heat Exchanger. The fuel rods
- heat to incredible temperatures from the fission reaction that
- takes place when the control rods are withdrawn. The coolant
- flowing around the rods in the vessel is superheated to over
- 400°F. Because the Primary Coolant System is closed and void of
- air it can not boil and remains a liquid. The Primary Coolant
- Pumps move the superheated coolant water from the vessel to the
- Heat Exchanger. As the Secondary Coolant that flows through
- the Heat Exchanger is heated into steam, it rushes out and
- turns huge turbines connected to powerful electrical generators.
- As the coolant, now superheated steam, leaves the turbines it
- enters the Condenser Unit. Inside the Condenser it flows
- through pipes filled with smaller tubes filled with much cooler
- water. As the steam passes the cooler condenser coils it
- turns back into liquid. The now much cooler water is once again
- pumped back into the Heat Exchanger by the Secondary Coolant
- Pumps and completes the entire loop again.
-
-
- NUCLEAR FUEL: To fuel a nuclear reaction, a radioactive element such as
- uranium or plutonium must be used. Since not all radioactive
- elements are fissionable, the usable elements must be separated
- from the non-fissionable ones. Uranium for instance is found
- in nature in two major forms: fissionable Uranium 235 and non-
- fissionable Uranium 238. Since uranium ore contains less than
- .7% of Uranium 235, the ore must be refined and "enriched" to
- a concentration of 3% Uranium 235 for use in nuclear reactors.
- (Uranium used in atomic bombs is enriched to a concentration
- of at least 90% to create an explosive runaway chain reaction.)
- The concentrated uranium fuel is formed into ceramic pellets
- and assembled end-to-end into long rods made up of over 200 of
- such pellets. The fuel rods are then arranged into bundles of
- hundreds of rods each. A typical reactor core can have over
- 700 such bundles containing nearly 25 million fuel pellets.
-
-
- MODERATORS: Neutron particles move at very high speeds (near the speed of
- light!), and at these speed are very unlikely to hit the
- nucleus of an atom and split it. If the neutrons are slowed,
- the chances of it striking the atom are much better. To slow
- these high speed neutrons a moderator is used. In most U.S.
- nuclear reactors this moderator is water. Water makes an
- excellent moderator because its mass is approximately the
- same as a neutron. If a heavier moderator is used, the
- neutrons are not slowed but stopped, and no chain reaction
- can occur. The water used to moderate the reaction is also
- used to cool the reactor core.
-
-
- CONTROL RODS: When the fuel rods are in the reactor core surrounded by water,
- control rods made of neutron absorbing cadmium are inserted
- into the core to stop the fission reaction from occurring.
- When the time comes to start the fission reactions and in-turn
- start the reactor, the control rods are withdrawn slowly. As
- the rods are removed from the core, some neutrons are allowed
- to react with other uranium atoms and the temperature in the
- core begins to rise.
-
-
- CHAIN REACTION: At a certain temperature (usually 600° to 700°) the reaction
- becomes self-sustaining. Since each fission reaction averages
- 2.5 neutrons released and a chain reaction needs only to
- release 1 neutron, the control rods must absorb 1.5 neutrons
- per reaction to prevent a runaway chain reaction. As more
- reactions occur the fuel in the rods begin to lose their
- concentration of fissionable material. To offset this, more
- of the control rods must be withdrawn to allow the unused
- fuel to react and maintain the chain reaction. Eventually
- even with all of the rods withdrawn the reaction will be unable
- to maintain itself and the reactor will have to be refueled
- with fresh uranium fuel rods.
-
-
- CONTROLS: The simulated power plant is controlled using the function keys
- on the computer keyboard. The function keys have the following
- defined values:
-
- <F1> = Help/Command Summary
- <F2> = Enter Control Rod Settings (0 - 100)
- <F3> = Enter Primary Coolant Pump Rate (0 - 100)
- <F4> = Enter Secondary Coolant Pump Rates (0 - 100)
- <F5> = Enter Emergency coolant Pump Rates (0 - 100)
- <F6> = Display Main Control Panel
- <F7> = Enter Simulator Command
- <F8> = Damage Control
- <F9> = Change Display View
- <F10> = Change Help Line
-
- The following is a list of valid commands to enter at the <F7>
- command prompt. Each of the commands are listed in alphabetical
- order just as they must be entered at the command prompt. To
- use any of these commands, press <F7> and enter the command at
- the prompt and press RETURN. Following each command is a brief
- explanation of the commands and uses:
-
- A = AUTO START Command.
- ACCIDENT = Simulates a sudden loss-of-coolant accident.
- ALARM TEST = Tests all of the audible alarms if SOUND is active.
- AUTO = Activates Automatic Control Mode.
- AUTO OFF = Initiates an Automatic Shutdown and then ends the simulation.
- AUTO SHUTDOWN = Initiates an Automatic Shutdown then repairs/refueling.
- COLOR = Optimize the simulators display for a color monitor.
- DAMAGE = Sets the quality of PCS and SCS to POOR (results in damage).
- DAMAGE CONTROL ON = Activates automatic Damage Control Computer.
- DAMAGE CONTROL OFF = De-activates automatic Damage Control Computer.
- DELAY x = Activates a x second pause after each simulated hour (x = 1 - 60).
- DEMAND ON = Activates Varying Demanded Power levels option.
- DEMAND OFF = De-activates Varying Demanded Power Level option.
- DEMO = Activates the interactive Demo Mode.
- DOCS = View DOCUMENTATION using HYPERhelp.
- DOCUMENTATION = View DOCUMENTATION using HYPERhelp.
- EXIT = Quit the simulation immediately to DOS.
- I = INSPECTION command.
- INSPECTION = Reports the last NRC inspection of PCS and SCS.
- MANUAL = Deactivates Automatic adjustment of temp/power control settings.
- MONO = Optimize the simulators display for a monochrome monitor.
- PRCP ON = Turns on the Primary Reserve Coolant Pump.
- PRCP OFF = Turns off the Primary Reserve Coolant Pump.
- PPRV OPEN = Opens the Primary Pressure Release Valve.
- PPRV CLOSED = Closes the Primary Pressure Release Valve.
- PRETEST = Tests all simulated reactor components prior to starting.
- QUIT = Quits the simulation displaying your final score.
- REFUEL = Replace the reactors fuel rods to 100%.
- REPAIR = Does a complete repair job on all systems having any damage.
- RESTART = Restarts the simulator, and resets all settings.
- RESTORE = Restores a saved simulation file, and resets the simulator to it.
- RUN UNTIL x = Run the simulator until the x day is reached (x = 1 - 2000).
- SCRAM = Immediately takes the reactor off-line in emergency.
- SHIELD ON = Activates an anti-neutron radiation shield, lowers radiation.
- SHIELD OFF = Turns off the SHIELD option.
- SPEED x = Sets the calculate to view ratio for simulated hours (x = 1 - 24).
- SOUND ON = Activates the SOUND option.
- SOUND OFF = Deactivates the SOUND option.
- SPRV OPEN = Opens the Secondary Pressure Release Valve.
- SPRV CLOSED = Closes the SPRV if the valve is open.
- SRCP ON = Turns on the Secondary Reserve Coolant Pump.
- SRCP OFF = Turns off the Secondary Reserve Coolant Pump.
- TARGET = Allows for manual setting of Demanded Power level.
- TOWER PUMP ON = Turns on the Cooling Tower Pumps.
- TOWER PUMP OFF = Turns off the Cooling Tower Pumps.
- TURBINE TRIP = Bypasses the Steam Turbines in emergency.
- V = Value command.
- VALUE = Displays the current value of the power generated by the plant.
- VALVE 1 OPEN = Bypasses Steam Turbine Group #1 in emergency.
- VALVE 1 CLOSED = Closes the bypass valves for Turbine Group #1.
- VALVE 2 OPEN = Bypasses Steam Turbine Group #2 in emergency.
- VALVE 2 CLOSED = Closes the bypass valves for Turbine Group #2
- VIEW ON = Activates automatically changing view screens.
- VIEW OFF = Deactivates automatically changing view screens.
-
-
- OPERATIONS: In the Oak Flat Nuclear Power Plant Simulator, water is used
- to moderate the atomic reaction. The water is also used to cool
- the reaction, and carry the heat generated by the reaction from
- the REACTOR CORE, to the HEAT EXCHANGER to create steam.
- The steam is carried in large turbines which are turned by
- the super heated steam. Generators connected to the turbines
- generate electrical power. the steam continues on to condenser
- coils to be condensed back into water. The water is then
- pumped into huge cooling towers to be cooled to below 100° F.
- Once the water has been cooled enough it is pumped back
- into the reactor core to begin the process all over again.
-
- Most of the control settings are entered using the function
- keys (referred to as <F1> to <F10>). The <F1> key brings
- a brief HELP file to the screen using HYPERhelp (tm). Using
- the curser keys will allow you to view the entire file. The
- CONTROL RODS are adjusted using the <F2> key. The Primary
- Coolant Pumps (PCP), Secondary Coolant Pumps (SCP), and
- Auxiliary Coolant Pumps (ACP) are controlled by the <F3>, <F4>,
- and <F5> keys respectively. The <F6> key will change the View
- to the Main Control Panel (the first screen seen in the
- simulation), and the <F9> key will display one of 4 different
- information screens: Damage, Performance, Financial, or
- Radiation Levels. The Damage screen will list the different
- plant systems and the amount of damage they currently have. The
- Performance screen tells of the amounts of power produced, and
- at what levels. The Financial screen lists the costs of plant
- operations, and the value of the power produced. Finally the
- Radiation Levels list the escaping radiation level from the
- different systems. Keep in mind that the Reactor and Primary
- Coolant Systems are enclosed in the massive containment
- building which shields the outside environment from the
- radiation. The <F7> key (described above) activates the
- Command Prompt from where simulator commands can be entered.
- The <F8> key allows on-line repairs to be started to help
- reduce plant system damage. Finally the <F10> key changes the
- Information line on line 25 to change to list all function
- key uses.
-
- The simulators display has the following general layout:
-
- ┌──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
- │ │
- │ │
- │ WARNING LIGHTS │
- │ │
- │ │
- └──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
- ┌─────────────────────────────────────┐ ┌──────────────────────────────┐
- │ SIMULATOR CONTROL STATUS LINE │ │ │
- └─────────────────────────────────────┘ │ │
- ┌─────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │
- │ │ │ │
- │ │ │ │
- │ MAIN CONTROL DISPLAY │ │ │
- │ │ │ REACTOR │
- │ DAMAGE ASSESSMENT DISPLAY │ │ │
- │ │ │ │
- │ PERFORMANCE RECORDS DISPLAY │ │ │
- │ │ │ DIAGRAM │
- │ FINANCIAL RECORDS DISPLAY │ │ │
- │ │ │ │
- │ RADIATION DETECTORS DISPLAY │ │ │
- │ │ │ │
- └─────────────────────────────────────┘ │ │
- ┌─────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │
- │ COMMAND INPUT PROMPT LINE │ │ │
- └─────────────────────────────────────┘ └──────────────────────────────┘
- ┌──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
- │ FUNCTION KEY HELP LINE │
- └──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
-
- Each of the displays has the WARNING LIGHTS at the top of the
- screen, the FUNCTION KEY HELP LINE at the bottom, and the
- REACTOR DIAGRAM on the right side of the display. The only
- screens that do not show this information are the Help screens.
- The SIMULATOR CONTROL STATUS LINE lists the current settings of
- certain control parameters of the simulator: AUTO/DEMO/MANUAL
- modes, SINGLE or DOUBLE speed, AUTO VIEW or NO AUTO VIEW, DELAY
- or NO DELAY, AUTO DAMAGE CONTROL or NO AUTO DAMAGE CONTROL,
- VARIABLE OUTPUT DEMAND or CONSTANT 100% OUTPUT DEMAND, SOUND or
- NO SOUND, and RADIATION SHIELDS or NO RADIATION SHIELDS.
- To see how to change each of these parameters, see the previous
- section on Commands syntax and usage. The large window to
- the left of the REACTOR DIAGRAM can display any one of 5
- different displays. To change the viewed display press the <F9>
- key. To return to the MAIN CONTROL DISPLAY (the default
- display) press <F6>. The following paragraphs describe each of
- the available displays.
-
- The MAIN CONTROL DISPLAY shows the temperatures for the reactor
- core (CORE TP), the heat exchanger (XCHG TP), the condenser
- coils (CDSR TP), and the cooling tower (TOWR TP). It also
- displays the current power output, control settings, remaining
- fuel in the reactor core, coolant levels for the three coolant
- systems, days and hours simulated, and current: power output,
- demanded power, radiation exposure per hour, percentage damage,
- and score. This screen is the default screen the simulator
- displays when it is started.
-
- The DAMAGE ASSESSMENT DISPLAY shows the major plant systems and
- the amount of damage they currently have sustained. The damage
- is listed as Total Plant Damage percent and the number of days
- needed to repair. Each plant system then lists the amount of
- the total plant damage that has occurred to that system. If the
- damage percentage exceeds 5% for any one of the plant systems,
- emergency repairs can be started by using the <F8> Repair
- function.
-
- The PERFORMANCE RECORDS DISPLAY shows several facts about the
- current simulations power output, time running, days down for
- repairs, and other information about the plants performance.
- The high marks for many of these readings are displayed in
- parentheses to the right of the reading. The line titled "Days
- Simulated" displays the total days simulated and the percentage
- of scheduled days completed in parentheses. The line labeled
- "Days at Target Output:" displays the number of days that the
- plant generated exactly what was demanded of it. On the same
- line in parentheses is the percentage of days simulated at the
- target output. The lines labeled "Days Down For Maintenance:"
- and "Days Down For Refueling:" display the number of days the
- reactor spend off-line and not generating power for each of the
- events. In parentheses each line also displays the percentage
- of simulated days doing each event, as well as the total count
- of each event. Although the 'Maintenance Days' counts the total
- days spent repairing the plant, The counter only gets
- incremented if repairs are done WITHOUT refueling the plant.
-
- The FINANCIAL RECORDS screen displays the sources of income (and
- how much) as well as plant expenses during the current
- simulation. The total "Cost of Power Generated" and the total
- "Value of Power Generated" are displays in reverse colors,
- reflecting there mathematical sign (green for positive / red for
- negative). The last line in the window shows the current score
- for the simulation as well as the highest recorded score in
- parentheses.
-
- Finally the RADIATION DETECTORS DISPLAY shows the radiation
- levels at several of the remote sensory stations throughout the
- plant. The first four lines list radiation levels for the
- current hour at strategic locations in the plant (CORE = main
- reactor core, PCS = primary coolant system, XCHG = heat
- exchangers, and SCS = secondary coolant system). The last two
- detectors meter the total radiation exposure levels for personnel
- in the control room (BIO) and the total radiation output levels
- of the spent fuel storage facility (SFSF). If the BIO level
- becomes very high the plant operators are in danger. If the
- SFSF levels reach the danger level the plant will be unable to
- refuel, and the simulation will end when the current fuel is
- exhausted.
-
- This simulator was designed to simulate many of the important
- functions and features of a real nuclear power plant.
- Naturally, not all of the details could be put into this
- simulator, but the concept and scientific theory is intact. The
- two most important things in a successful simulation run are:
-
- - Keeping the OUTPUT close to but never above 100%
- - Never allow the fuel level below the 9% mark.
-
- The reactor core was designed to perform at optimum
- efficiency at 697° - 700° fahrenheit, and produce 3000 Mwatts
- per hour. Exceeding the 3000 Mwatt mark is ok as long as
- PERCENT OUTPUT is never more than 100%. The Primary and
- Secondary Coolant Pumps operate ideally between 70% - 90%.
- Running the pumps at above the 90% mark will lead the pump to
- overload and damage, to a possibility of coolant leaks or early
- failure.
-
- If the core temperature exceeds 700°, the core must be cooled to
- prevent damage. The power plant has several ways of
- accomplishing this. First, the control rods can be removed from
- the reactor, thus increasing the number of neutrons absorbed and
- unavailable for fission reactions. Second, the AUXILIARY
- COOLANT PUMP can be used to additionally cool the reactor. The
- rates of both the PRIMARY and SECONDARY COOLANT PUMPS can be
- increased, removing more heat from the reactor and lowering the
- temperature.
-
- The only problem with this method, is it will also increase the
- amount of power generated. If the temperature is already over
- 700° it is likely that the power output is already close to
- 100%. In the case of an emergency, there are several other
- methods a bit more drastic to cool the reactor core and bring
- the power output down. Both the PRIMARY and SECONDARY COOLANT
- SYSTEMS have PRESSURE RELEASE VALVES (PPRV & SPRV) to reduce the
- pressure inside the respective coolant systems. As the pressure
- is reduced, so is the temperature of the coolant. The drawbacks
- to this is the lowering of the coolant level as the coolant is
- released through the valve. The other major problem with the
- PPRV is the coolant itself is VERY RADIOACTIVE, and releasing
- the coolant equals releasing radiation into the environment.
-
- The PPRV should only be used in extreme cases to prevent core
- meltdowns. The final ways to cool the reactor is to shut it
- down. The fastest way to do this is a REACTOR SCRAM. When a
- SCRAM is initiated the CONTROL RODS are immediately re-inserted
- into the reactor core in an instant to stop the reaction
- IMMEDIATELY. Because this is a drastic measure it represents
- a NRC Emergency and requires a complete shutdown of the plant
- for maintenance and inspection by federal officials. A less
- dramatic shutdown procedure is the AUTO SHUTDOWN command. It
- will re-insert the CONTROL RODS in an orderly manner, and
- activate the AUXILIARY COOLANT PUMP if needed. The main
- difference between an AUTO SHUTDOWN and a REACTOR SCRAM is the
- AUTO SHUTDOWN does NOT require a NRC report or inspection (it's
- also cheaper and doesn't cost the simulator user any points).
-
- If the turbine output exceeds 100% the turbines can be
- bypassed by using the TURBINE TRIP command. This causes
- the steam to be piped around the turbine, thus not generating
- any electrical power. Once a trip is initiated, it can not be
- 'un-tripped' and re-initiate power generation without shutting
- down for maintenance.
-
- To change the information displayed about the simulation, use
- the <F9> key to change the View Screen. Anytime you want to
- return back to the Main Control Panel simply press the <F6>
- key. To automatically change the displayed View, enter the
- VIEW ON command at the <F7> prompt. With the VIEW option on
- the View will change every 15 seconds (providing it isn't
- changed manually sooner). To de-activate the option enter
- VIEW OFF at the command prompt. This option is activated
- automatically in DEMO mode, but can be manually de-activated
- at any time.
-
- As time goes by the plant may develop some damage depending on
- how well the plant was built. To find the quality of the plant
- construction, the INSPECTION command must be entered at the
- command prompt (press <F7>). The inspection will tell the plant
- operator if the quality is GOOD, FAIR, or POOR, for the PRIMARY
- and SECONDARY COOLANT SYSTEMS. The lower the quality, the more
- likely incidental damage will occur. If the plant is overheated
- or the output exceeds 100%, damage is very likely to increase.
- To combat the damage, the simulator has a DAMAGE CONTROL SYSTEM
- (<F8> at the command prompt) to partially repair the damage of
- the affected system. The DAMAGE CONTROL SYSTEM can not be
- started until damage is at 5% or more for the individual system,
- and is automatically stopped when it is once again below 5%.
- The DAMAGE CONTROL SYSTEM costs are dependent on the system
- involved. The REACTOR CORE is the most expensive while the
- TURBINES are the least. It is important to control the damage
- at the lowest possible levels since as the damage increases, so
- does the radiation exposure levels. Hourly radiation levels
- should be kept at or below .01 mRAD per hour, although
- temporarily higher levels are possible without danger to the
- operator. If the exposure level gets too high, additional
- shielding can be used with the SHIELD command. The additional
- shielding comes in the form of an anti-neutron shield that
- reduces the current background radiation by 60%. The cost of
- this additional shielding is the inability to view any of the
- ALTERNATIVE VIEWS (<F9>). If the total exposure level exceeds
- 600 RAD, the plant operator is at a high risk of death within
- the hour of radiation exposure.
-
- Any time the percent output exceeds 100% or the core
- temperature exceeds 700°, an NRC event will occur. In a real
- nuclear power plant, these happenings constitute a report to
- the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. The NRC oversees all
- of the U.S. nuclear power industry, from ore processing to
- spent fuel storage. The fewer events that occur the better.
- If a PRIMARY COOLANT SYSTEM leak or venting occurs or the
- reactor is scrammed, a NRC Emergency is documented and
- reported.
-
- Maintaining the coolant levels can be done with the RESERVE
- COOLANT PUMPS. Each of the Primary and Secondary Coolant have
- pumps installed to move coolant from the RCS to the PCS or
- SCS as needed. Note that once the pumps are started they
- will continue to move coolant until they are turned off or
- the destination system is once again full. The RCS is
- slowly replenished, replacing any coolant used. The RCS
- also supplies the ACS with its coolant.
-
- To help control plant damage and coolant levels automatically,
- the simulator has the DAMAGE CONTROL command. Once this
- option is started the simulator will have damage control
- teams work on any plant system when the damage level reaches
- 6%, and will work until the damage is reduced to 4%. This
- option will also start the PRIMARY or SECONDARY RESERVE
- COOLANT PUMPS automatically (if the RCS has coolant in it).
- The DEMAND option allows the simulator to vary the amount
- of power that should be generated. Generally the demanded
- level is at 100%. The DEMAND command will periodically
- change the demanded level, making the operator change the
- current power output of the plant. The benefit to the
- operator is an almost doubled hourly score. It is
- important to keep the power output at the demanded levels.
- To insure the plants readiness, it can be tested with the
- PRETEST command. The PRETEST looks at all major plant systems
- and reports any problems found. The option also increases the
- score by 500 points for each pretest while in DEMO or AUTO
- mode, and 1000 points if the simulator is being run in MANUAL
- mode.
- To demonstrate the operations of the plant the simulator has
- a built-in DEMO mode that starts the reactor and runs it
- automatically. In DEMO mode the DAMAGE CONTROL option is
- started as is the DEMAND option. With these control settings
- the plant can operate without intervention by the operator.
- The other automatic option is the AUTO or A option. When
- entered at the command prompt the simulator is started
- and the computer controls the control rods and all coolant
- pumps to maintain the plant output at the current demanded level.
- If the plant is already on-line and generating power the AUTO
- mode will take over the control of maintaining the output at the
- demanded level.
-
- To end the simulation you have 3 choices, the best of which
- is the AUTO OFF command. It will initiate an automatic
- shutdown of the plant and then go directly to the simulation
- evaluation screen. The QUIT command will display the same
- evaluation screen, but without first properly shutting down
- the plant. Once at the evaluation screen you may restart the
- simulator with a new simulation run, or you may exit to DOS.
- The EXIT command from the <F7> prompt will exit directly to
- DOS without displaying the final evaluation screen.
-
- The FINAL EVALUATION SCREEN gives a brief overview of the
- simulated run and then lists the values of the more important
- figures from the run. It has references to lines from several
- of the display screens and will tell you if any of your marks
- are the best ever. These 'High Marks' are saved in the
- OAKFLATS.COR file for future comparisons.
-
- When first running the simulator it is recommended you first
- watch a full simulation in the DEMO mode. This will let you
- see many of the options and features without being overwhelmed.
- Once you have a feel for the operation try interacting with
- the simulation while in DEMO mode. Soon you'll be ready for
- a full MANUAL operation and the thrills (and dangers) of
- nuclear power!
-
- For further information on the individual commands consult
- the <F1> help file. For even more information including
- examples and suggestions for particular situations, consult the
- printed program manual that is available to all registered
- users.
-
-
- REGISTRATION: If you find this software useful in any way you are asked to
- register it with the authors, GAMTECH/Gamble Technologies.
- Once registered you will receive a free update to the most
- current version of the software without any Shareware messages.
- To register please send your NAME, SHIPPING ADDRESS, PHONE
- NUMBER (optional), the PROGRAMS NAME (very important), and
- $15 + $3 shipping and handling (U.S. funds) to:
-
- GAMTECH/
- Gamble Technologies
- P.O.Box 6753
- San Mateo CA 94403
-
- Compuserve ID: 70401,2160
-
- The text file "REGISTER.OF3" can be used to register to insure
- that all needed information is included when registering.
- Registered users can receive product support by phone, U.S.
- Mail, and Compuserve(tm). All users are free to write for
- technical assistance or questions about the program by sending a
- SASE to the above address with your question. Due to the cost
- of postage today, questions without a Self Addressed Stamped
- Envelope can not be answered except through a supported BBS.
- Be sure to include the programs name and version when
- registering or sending for information. If you can receive
- your answer through Compuserve(tm) let us know your user ID
- and we will send the reply via E-Mail ASAP.
-
- Any suggestions regarding the simulator, its documentation, or
- any other GAMTECH software is always welcome. We have tried
- hard to make the simulation both enjoyable and entertaining and
- any ideas on how to improve on this is greatly appreciated.
-
- We are currently working on a MS-Windows v3.x version of this
- program and hope to have it available before the end of 1992!
- Register users of the this DOS version will be eligible for a
- low cost upgrade to the new windows version when it becomes
- available.
-
- Thank you for trying GAMTECH/Gamble Technologies products!